What is the role of monitoring in hazard forecasting?

• A. To stop the hazard from occurring
• B. To record changes to forecast when and where it might strike
• C. To measure economic losses
• D. To inform only after the event

Answer: (B)

Monitoring involves gathering real-time data on signs that a hazard may be developing, so forecasts can be updated about if, when, and where it might strike. By recording changes in the system—such as seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, rainfall, or wind patterns—this information feeds models to refine probabilities and timing. The aim is to reduce uncertainty and provide timely alerts, not to stop the hazard itself or to measure losses after it happens. For example, volcano monitoring tracks tremors and gas output to indicate magma movement; storm and hurricane monitoring uses satellites and radar to track intensity and path; flood forecasting relies on gauges and rainfall data to anticipate flood peaks.