Which of the following is NOT a monitoring example?

• A. Ground-swelling detection
• B. Seismographs
• C. Hazard maps
• D. Satellite imagery of deformation

Answer: (C)

Monitoring involves ongoing data collection to watch for changes in a system. Ground-swelling detection is a method that actively tracks how the ground moves, using tools like GPS, InSAR, or tiltmeters. Seismographs continuously record ground vibrations from earthquakes and other seismic activity. Satellite imagery of deformation uses remote sensing to measure how the surface changes shape over time. Hazard maps, by contrast, are outputs that synthesize monitoring data to show risk levels and potential impacts; they’re communication tools derived from monitoring results, not systems that continuously monitor processes themselves. Because hazard maps don’t provide ongoing observation data in the same way as the other options, they are not a monitoring example.